VISION IN DOGS - WHAT DO DOGS SEE?
Complete Article from Waltham-Osu Symposium

COLOR AND ACUITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DOGS AND HUMANS
The dog and the human each developed the visual system that worked best for them.

HOW DOGS SEE THE WORLD
We all know about the amazing canine sense of smell, hundreds of times more powerful than
a humans, but what about their sight?

THROUGH THE EYES OF YOUR CANINE
Owners who want to better understand their canine companions must recognize that dogs
see the world from a different visual perspective.

EYE VET CONSULTING SERVICES
The Veterinary Ophthalmology Information Center.

C.E.R.F. CANINE EYE REGISTRATION FOUNDATION 
At Purdue University, Ind. USA.

THE EYES HAVE IT!
All about canine eyes.

ANATOMY OF THE CANINE EYE
From the Veterinary Ophthalmology Center.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE CANINE EYE
The canine eye is actually a relay station which collects light images....

EYE PROBLEMS IN DOGS
Be alert to eye ailments if they arise and prevent them whenever possible.

EYE DISEASES
Everything you need to know related to Ophthalmology.

OUR ON-LINE CERF ARTICLE
Photos of a Lowchen undergoing a CERF examination.

OPHTHALMOLOGY - DISEASES
Photo tutorial/quiz on various ocular conditions in the dog and cat.

DOG EYE DISEASES
List of congenital or acquired defects

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY TEACHING COLLEGE
Excellent articles on Eye Diseases from Iowa State University

SOMETHING TO CRY ABOUT: “DRY EYE”
A Pain for Pets and Owners Alike by Elizabeth L. DeLomba, DVM

THE TRACK OF HIS TEARS
It’s fairly disgusting, the doggy equivalent of a little kid with a running nose.

WHEN YOUR DOG HAS A CORNEAL ULCER
Damage to the cornea can be a relatively minor problem, or it can be severe...

EYE ALLERGIES
How they occur and the symptoms.

EYE CERTIFICATES
Why have them? Explained in detail by the experts.

OTITIS EXTERNA 
Although clinicians often use the term otitis externa (OE) loosely to mean ear infection these are two different conditions. Otitis externa is an inflammation of the external ear canal. It is not a final diagnosis, but rather a clinical finding. Infection is often present with otitis externa, but is rarely the true cause of the inflammation.

OPHTHALMOLOGY RELATED ARTICLES
Some great articles here relating to every eye disease

MAMMAL EYE SITE
Committed to research in veterinary and comparative ophthalmology

COMMON EYE DISORDERS THAT AFFECT PETS
A comprehensive listing which includes Drugs used in the treatment

DOGS - OPHTHALMOLOGY
This is extensive and intensive! Everything!

PUPPY EYE EXAMS: ARE THEY REALLY NECESSARY?
From the Wing 'N Wave Labrador site.

VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY
A super great resourceful site!

CANINE EYELID DISEASES
Unusual lid conformation leads to medical problems that damage the eye.

MACROPALPEBRAL FISSURE SYNDROME
Short Nose, Large Eyelid Openings and Prominent Eyes...the results are MFS

CHRONIC SUPERFICIAL KERATITIS IN DOGS (PANNUS)
Pannus is an immune mediated corneal disease

CHRONIC CORNEAL EROSIONS IN DOGS
Painful open wounds which fail to heal and can be present for many weeks to months.

GLAUCOMA
Primary Glaucoma usually begins in one eye, but almost always eventually
involves both eyes, leading to complete blindness.

OCULAR TRAUMA IN DOGS AND CATS
Unfortunately a common occurrence in animals

EYE DISEASE INFORMATION
Informational handouts for ocular disease in domestic animals.

THE CANINE EYE
A brief look at the structure and function of the normal eye, some of the problems
that occur and finally at some remedies available.

LOOKING INTO AN EYE EXAM
The eyes are the perfect window into your furry friend’s state of health, and can
reveal medical problems in addition to compromised vision.

GLAUCOMA KEEPS DOGS IN THE DARK
Glaucoma is one of the most common—and the most painful ocular diseases in dogs

WHEN THE WHITES OF THE EYES ARE ANYTHING BUT…
Different disease processes can result in a rainbow of abnormally colored eyes.

DOG EYEWORM (THELAZIA CALIFORNIENSIS)
Eyeworms live in the tear ducts, between the eye and the lids (conjunctival sac and
under the third eyelid).

THROUGH THE EYES OF YOUR CANINE
Owners who want to better understand their canine companions must recognize that
dogs see the world from a different visual perspective.

CANINE EYE TOPICS: A TO Z
Blind Dog And Canine Vision Resources

MEDICAL VS. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CORNEAL DISEASE
Treatments compared and contrasted

RETINAL DISEASE, DEGENERATION AND DIAGNOSIS
Insights into conditions affecting vision

CATARACTS AND CATARACT SURGERY IN SMALL ANIMALS
Causes, treatments - most detailed.

CORNEAL DYSTROPHY
The globe of the eye is made of five layers with the cornea being the transparent front portion...

CORNEAL DYSTROPHY
There are three types of corneal dystrophy: Epithelial, Lipid, and Endothelial. All three types are
most often seen in dogs, and are rare in cats.

HEREDITARY EYE DISEASE IN DOGS
An excellent informative site!

THE EYES HAVE IT
From the Border Collie Club of Canada

GET YOUR DOGS EYES CHECKED!
A full explanation of why, how etc.

EYE (ORBITAL) DISEASES 
Orbital diseases refer to a number of conditions where one or both eyes are in abnormal
positions within the eye sockets.

CORNEAL ULCERS (ULCERATIVE KERATITIS) 
Ulcerative keratitis is inflammation of the cornea of the eye, characterized by the presence
of corneal erosions or ulcers.

ANISOCORIA (UNEQUAL PUPIL SIZE) 
A condition in which the pupils are unequal in size

CANINE CONJUNCTIVITIS 
An inflammation of the conjunctiva - the tissues surrounding the eyeball
and the lining of the eyelids and third eyelid.

ANTERIOR UVEITIS IN DOGS
Anterior uveitis is an inflammation of the fluid chamber (uvea) of the front (anterior) aspect of
the eye, and involves the iris (the colored part of the eye), and the tissues surrounding the iris.

IN A DOG'S EYE 
The visual system is an important sense available to the canine. Excellent article

EYE DISORDERS IN DOGS AND CATS
Comprehensive detailed List

THE HISTOLOGIC BASIS OF OCULAR DISEASE
An entirely different approach to the understanding and diagnosis of ocular disease

MEDICAL VS. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CORNEAL DISEASE
Medical & Surgical Treatments Compared and Contrasted

CANINE EYELID DISEASES
Sometimes the unusual lid conformation leads to medical problems that damage the eye.

CHRONIC CORNEAL EROSIONS IN DOGS
Chronic corneal erosions (CEE) are painful open wounds which fail to heal and can be present
for many weeks to months.

MACROPALPEBRAL FISSURE SYNDROME
Short Nose, Large Eyelid Openings and Prominent Eyes 

CHERRY EYE
An excellent article with colour photographs

CORNEAL ULCERS
A corneal ulcer describes an injury to the cornea which may  or may not be infected. Colour photographs.

DRY EYE
An excellent article with colour photographs

MANY CAUSES FOR PET'S RED EYE
Some of the causes and treatments for red eyes

EXAMINING AND MEDICATING THE EYES OF A DOG
Making it easy!

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE EYE
The eye is formed by three concentric (circular) tunics or layers of tissue.
These are the outer fibrous tunic, the middle vascular tunic and the inner nervous tunic.

RUNNY EYES (EPIPHORA)
Excessive Tear Production in Dogs

EYE PROBLEMS IN DOGS
We must be alert to eye ailments if they arise and prevent them whenever possible

DOGS EYE, EAR, AND THROAT
Identifying the problem.

ANTIBIOTIC CHOICE FOR EYE INFECTIONS
Topical antibiotic preparations suitable for administration on eyes vary in their spectrum of activity

SIDE-EFFECTS OF DRUGS USED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GLAUCOMA
Several drugs can be used in the management of glaucoma, providing the eye is not already
grossly distended, in which case surgical drainage may be needed. However, the drugs commonly
used can have serious side-effects which must be monitored.

CHLAMYDIA
Chlamydia have been suggested to cause chronic keratitis in dogs, but they are also found in
the eyes of normal dogs, so the significance is not proved. Only isolated cases of infection
has been reported - possibly indicating transmission from other species e.g. budgerigars.

DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN ACUTE CONJUNCTIVITIS, IRITIS AND GLAUCOMA 
Acute disorders of the eye need to be differentiated so that the most appropriate treatment can
be applied as soon as possible

EYE DISORDERS IN DOGS AND CATS
Brief descriptions of diseases and problems

CANINE GLAUCOMA: RECENT ADVANCES IN ITS DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
The Glaucoma is one of the most important causes of blindness in both humans and dogs. Usually,
it is associated with an increase of the intraocular pressure (IOP); however, the better understanding
of the disease have changed this concept

EYE DISEASES
Part 1 of a two part article by Wendy Shepard Chisholm, V.M.D.

EYE DISEASES
Part 2 of a two part article by Wendy Shepard Chisholm, V.M.D.

EYE CARE FOR ANIMALS
Comprehensive site, well worth visiting.

DISTICHIASIS
Distichiasis is defined as "an extra cilia protruding from the Meibomian glands at the eyelid margin."

YEARLY CERF EXAMS
Why are they important?

CATARACTS
A Common Ocular Disease In Dogs

GENETIC TESTING FOR PRA IN DOGS
Recently there has been much research into these inherited eye diseases to better characterize them in terms of pattern of inheritance, age of onset, and location of the causal gene mutation in the different breeds that are affected.

INHERITED CATARACTS IN DOGS
Genetic cataracts are also called "juvenile cataracts" in dogs. This terminology refers to the age of presentation with this abnormality which is usually in young dogs.

COLLIE EYE ANOMALY
Collie eye anomaly (CEA) is a congenital, developmental defect of the eye. The disease has been reported in Rough and Smooth Collies, Shetland Sheepdogs, Australian Shepherds and Border Collies.

CHANGES TO OCULAR DISORDERS
Presumed to be inherited in purebred dogs

PERSISTENT PUPILLARY MEMBRANES IN DOGS
PPMs as they are often called are common findings on CERF examinations. They may or may not be a problem in a breed and/or individual dogs.

NEURONAL CEROID LIPOFUSINOSIS
NCL is a hereditary, progressive, disease in dogs and humans, which commonly leads to blindness and other neurologic problems and can lead to premature death.

EYELID DISORDERS
There are numerous eyelid disorders in dogs. Entropion (rolling inwards), and ectropion (drooping or rolling outward) are the most common and, although they are considered abnormal eyelid conformations, are characteristics of many breeds. 

CORNEAL DYSTROPHY IN DOGS
Confusion often arises over the use of the term "corneal dystrophy" in dogs. Technically, "corneal dystrophies" are diseases of the cornea that are bilateral, non-inflammatory and inherited

RETINAL DYSPLASIA AND RETINAL FOLDS
Malformations of the retina before birth are rare but can be due to either hereditary or environmental (in the uterus) influences.

EYE DISORDERS IN DOGS & CATS
Good summary of eye problems in dogs in general

EYE PROBLEMS IN DOGS
Don’t Be Fooled by T. J. Dunn, Jr. DVM

CATARACT SURGERY FOR PETS
Cataract surgery in dogs and cats is performed in the same manner as cataract surgery in people. 

EYE INJURIES IN DOGS
First, it is important to review the parts of the eye and how they work together.

EYE PROBLEMS IN DOGS AND CATS 
Frequently used diagnostic tests, and common causes of eye disorders

EXAMINING AND MEDICATING THE EYES OF A DOG
Some dogs will happily sit in your lap or on a table while you medicate their eyes but many require some form of restraint.

BRINGING DOG VISION INTO FOCUS
An excellent article by by D. Caroline Coile Ph.D.

ULCERATIVE CORNEAL DISEASE
Includes diagnosis and treatment

CORNEAL ULCERATION - A PERSISTENT PROBLEM 
Ulcerative keratitis is a major ocular disease entity, its common occurrence and the inherent difficulties met in its treatment assuring its significance in both the canine and feline species.

GLAUCOMA - IS EFFECTIVE TREATMENT A REALITY
The many inherent difficulties always encountered in all the domesticated species in the attempted management of glaucoma to retain useful vision range from difficulty in diagnosis to the prevention of retinal ganglion cell death.

DISEASES OF THE LENS IN DOGS AND CATS 
The lens of the eye is a fascinating and remarkable tissue, derived embryologically from surface ectoderm early in gestation, avascular through all but its earliest existence, and maintaining its primordial cells life-long, sequestered by a basement membrane.